Seminars in Perinatology
Volume 33, Issue 3 , Pages 166-172 , June 2009

Neurologic Complications of Pre-eclampsia

  • Gerda G. Zeeman, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Gerda G. Zeeman, MD, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CMC V, Room Y 4169, CB 20, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands

References 

  1. World Health Organisation. Maternal Mortality in 2000; Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2004;
  2. Okanloma KA, Moodley J. Neurological complications associated with the pre-eclampsia/eclampsia syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1989;71:223–225
  3. Isler CM, Rinehart BK, Terrone DA, et al. Maternal mortality associated with H.E.L.L.P.(hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:924–928
  4. Why Mothers Die 2000-2002: The Sixth Report of Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: RCOG Press; 2004;
  5. Sharshar T, Lamy C, Mas JL. Incidence and causes of strokes associated with pregnancy and puerperium. Stroke. 1995;26:930–936
  6. Kittner SJ, Stern BJ, Feeser BR, et al. Pregnancy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:674–768
  7. Saftlas AF, Olson DR, Franks AL, et al. Epidemiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia in the United States 1979-1986. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:460–465
  8. Zwart JJ, Richters A, Ory F, et al. Eclampsia in the Netherlands. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:820–827
  9. Knight M. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom 2005. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;114:1072–1078
  10. Cipolla MJ. Cerebrovascular function in pregnancy and eclampsia. Hypertension. 2007;50:14–24
  11. Melrose EB. Maternal deaths at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban (A review of 258 consecutive cases). S Afr Med J. 1984;65:161–165
  12. Sheehan JL, Lynch JB. Pathology of Toxemia of Pregnancy. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1973;
  13. Richards A, Graham DI, Bullock MRR. Clinicopathological study of neurological complications due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:416–421
  14. Govan AD. The pathogenesis of eclamptic lesions. Pathol Microbiol (Basel). 1961;24:561–575
  15. Ito I, Sakai T, Inagawa S, et al. MR angiography of cerebral vasospasm in preeclampsia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1344–1346
  16. Schwartz RB, Feske SK, Polak JF, et al. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: Clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology. 2000;217:371–376
  17. Paulson OB. Blood–brain barrier, brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;12:495–501
  18. Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:494–500
  19. Veltkamp R, Kupsch A, Polasek J, et al. Late onset postpartum eclampsia without preeclamptic prodromi: Clinical and neuroradiological presentation in two patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:824–827
  20. Moodley J, Bobat SM, Hoffman M, et al. Electroencephalogram and computerized cerebral tomography findings in eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100:984–988
  21. Belfort MA, Giannina G, Herd JA. Transcranial and orbital Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1999;42:479–506
  22. Zeeman GG, Hatab MR, Twickler DM. Increased cerebral blood flow in preeclampsia with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:1425–1429
  23. Brown CE, Purdy P, Cunningham FG. Head computed tomographic scans in women with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:915–920
  24. Milliez J, Dahoun A, Boudraa M. Computed tomography of the brain in eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:975
  25. Cunningham FG, Twickler DM. Cerebral edema complicating eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:94–100
  26. Zeeman GG, Fleckenstein JL, Twickler DM, et al. Cerebral infarction in eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:714–720
  27. Loureiro R, Leite CC, Kahhale S, et al. Diffusion imaging may predict reversible brain lesions in eclampsia and severe preeclampsia: Initial experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1350–1355
  28. Demirtaş O, Gelal F, Vidinli BD, et al. Cranial MR imaging with clinical correlation in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2005;11:189–194
  29. Nakagawa K, Sorond FA, Ropper AH. Ultra-early magnetic resonance imaging findings of eclampsia. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:974–976
  30. Burdette JH, Elster AD, Ricci PE. Acute cerebral infarction: Quantification of spin-density and T2 shine through phenomena on diffusion-weighted MR images. Radiology. 1999;212:333–339
  31. In:  Cunningham FG,  Leveno KJ,  Bloom SL, et al. editor. Williams Obstetrics. (ed 22). New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005;
  32. Imaizumi T, Horita Y, Chiba M, et al. Dot-like hemosiderin spots on gradient echo T2-weighted MRI are associated with intracranial hemorrhage. J Neuroimaging. 2004;14:251–257
  33. Salerni A, Wald S, Flanagan M. Relationships among cortical ischemia, infarction and hemorrhage in eclampsia. Neurosurgery. 1988;22:408–410
  34. Drislane FW, Wang AM. Multifocal cerebral hemorrhage in eclampsia and severe preeclampsia. J Neurol. 1997;244:194–198
  35. Witlin AG, Friedman SA, Egerman RS, et al. Cerebrovascular disorders complicating pregnancy—Beyond eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:1139–1148
  36. Weiner CP. The clinical spectrum of preeclampsia. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;9:312–316
  37. Moseman CP, Shelton S. Permanent blindness as a complication of pregnancy induced hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:943–945
  38. Cunningham FG, Fernandez CO, Hernandez C. Blindness associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1291–1298
  39. Lara-Torre E, Lee MS, Wolf MA, et al. Bilateral retinal occlusion progressing to long-lasting blindness in severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:940–942
  40. Apollon KM, Robinson JN, Schwartz RB, et al. Cortical blindness in severe preeclampsia: Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon-emission computed tomography findings. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:1017–1019
  41. Blodi BA, Johnson MW, Gass JD, et al. Purtscher's-like retinopathy after childbirth. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1654–1659
  42. Aukes AM, de Groot JC, Aarnoudse JG, et al. Brain lesions several years following eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;(in press)
  43. Aukes AM, Wessel I, Dubois AM, et al. Self-reported cognitive functioning in formerly eclamptic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:365.e1–365.e6
  44. Brussé I, Duvekot J, Jongerling J, et al. Impaired maternal cognitive functioning after pregnancies complicated by severe pre-eclampsia: A pilot case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:408–412
  45. Adeney KL, Williams MA. Migraine headaches and preeclampsia: an epidemiologic review. Headache. 2006;46:794–803
  46. Lawn N, Laich E, Ho S, et al. Eclampsia, hippocampal sclerosis, and temporal lobe epilepsy: Accident or association?. Neurology. 2004;62:1352–1356
  47. Solinas C, Briellmann RS, Harvey AS, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy: Antecedent to hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy?. Neurology. 2003;60:1534–1536
  48. Wilson BJ, Watson MS, Prescott GJ, et al. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: Results from cohort study. Br Med J. 2003;326:845
  49. Martin JN, Thigpen BD, Moore RC, et al. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: A paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:246–254
  50. Sibai BM. Eclampsia VI: Maternal-perinatal outcome in 254 consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:1049–1054
  51. Mattar F, Sibai BM. Eclampsia. VIII (Risk factors for maternal morbidity). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:307–312
  52. Narbone MC, Musolino R, Granata F, et al. PRES: Posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome?. Neurol Sci. 2006;27:187–189
  53. Magee LA, von Dadelszen P. The management of severe hypertension. Semin Perinatol. 2009;(in press)
  54. Sibai BM. Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: Lessons learned from recent trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1520–1526
  55. Munjuluri N, Lipman M, Valentine A, et al. Postpartum eclampsia of late onset. Br Med J. 2005;331:1070–1071
  56. Sibai BM. Diagnosis, prevention and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:402–410
  57. Konstantinopoulos PA, Mousa S, Khairallah R, et al. Postpartum cerebral angiopathy: An important diagnostic consideration in the postpartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:375–377

PII: S0146-0005(09)00007-X

doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.003

Seminars in Perinatology
Volume 33, Issue 3 , Pages 166-172 , June 2009