Seminars in Perinatology
Volume 31, Issue 3 , Pages 176-184 , June 2007

Recurrent Gestational Diabetes: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and Implications

  • Joseph N. Bottalico, DO

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Joseph N. Bottalico, DO, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, UMDNJ-School of Osteopathic Medicine, University Doctors Pavilion-Suite 3500, 42 East Laurel Road, Stratford, NJ 08084-1504.

References 

  1. American Diabetes Association. Position Statement, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;Vol. 27(Supplement I):January
  2. Philipson EH, Super DM. Gestational diabetes mellitus: does it recur in subsequent pregnancy?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:1324–1329discussion 1329-1331
  3. Gaudier FL, Hauth JC, Poist M, et al. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:755–758
  4. Spong CY, Guillermo L, Kuboshige J, et al. Recurrence of gestational diabetes: identification of risk factors. Am J Perinatol. 1998;15:29–33
  5. Major CA, DeVeciana M, Weeks J, et al. Recurrence of gestational diabetes: who is at risk?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:1038–1042
  6. MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton D, et al. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:659–662
  7. Metzger BE, Coutsan DR The Organizing Committee. Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(suppl 2):B161–B167
  8. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes. 1979;28:1039–1057
  9. Foster-Powell KA, Cheung NW. Recurrence of gestational diabetes. Austr NZ J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;38:384–387
  10. Danilenko-Dixon D, Annamalai A, Mattson L, et al. Perinatal outcomes in consecutive pregnancies discordant for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:80
  11. Pleis JR, Senson V, Schiller JS National Center for Health Statistics. Summary Health Statistics for US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2000. Vital Health STAT 10. 2003;
  12. Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Barnes PM. Body weight status of adults. United States, 1997-98. Advance data from vital and health statistics, no. 330. National Center for Health Statistics; 2002;
  13. Kimm S, Glynn NW, Kriska AM, et al. Decline in physical activity in black girls and white girls during adolescence. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:709
  14. Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421
  15. Ford E, Giles W, Dietz W. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:356–359
  16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet. 2005;United States
  17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin, No. 30, Gestational diabetes, September. 2001;
  18. Catalano PM, Avallone D, Drago N, et al. Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:874–881
  19. Maser R, Lenhard MJ, Henderson BC, et al. Detection of subsequent episodes of gestational diabetes mellitus, a need for specific guidelines. J Diabetes Complications. 2004;18:86–90
  20. Sermer M, Naylor CD, Gare DJ, et al. Impact of increasing carbohydrate intolerance on maternal-fetal outcomes in 3637 women without GDM (The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:146–156
  21. Sacks DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, et al. Towards universal criteria for gestational diabetes: the 75 gram glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:607–614
  22. Langer O, Mazze R. The relationship between large-for-gestational-age infants and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:1478–1483
  23. Langer O, Rodriguez DA, Xenakis EM, et al. Intensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:1036–1047
  24. Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, et al. Gestational diabetes: the consequences of not treating. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:989–997
  25. Crowther C, Hiller J, Moss J, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2477–2486
  26. Radon P, McMahon MJ, Meyer WR. Impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetologia. 1999;94:194–197
  27. Mikola M, Hiilesmaa V, Halttunen M, et al. Obstetric outcome in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:226–229
  28. Glueck M, Wang P, Kobayashi S, et al. Metformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:520–525
  29. Hanna F, Peters JR. Screening for gestational diabetes; past, present and future. Diabet Med. 2002;19:351–358
  30. Verma A, Boney C, Tucker R, et al. Insulin resistance syndrome in women with prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3227–3235
  31. Kousta E, Lawrence N, Godsla I, et al. Insulin resistance and beta cell function in normoglycemic European women with a history of GDM. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;59:289-229
  32. Lauenborg J, Mathiesen E, Hansen T, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Danish population of women with previous gestational diabetes is 3-fold higher than in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4004–4010
  33. Albareda M, Caballero A, Badell G, et al. Metabolic syndrome at follow up in women with and without gestational diabetes in index pregnancy. J Metab Clin Exp. 2005;54:1115–1121
  34. Peters RK, Kjos SL, Xiang A, et al. Long term diabetogenic effect of single pregnancy in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1996;347:227–230
  35. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403
  36. Buchanan T, Xiang A, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes. 2002;51:2796–2803
  37. Gerstein H, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1096–1105
  38. Kim C, Newton K, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the Incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1862–1868
  39. Russell M, Phipps M, Olson C, et al. Rates of postpartum glucose testing after gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;8:1456–1462
  40. Van Assche F, Holemas K, Aerts L. Long term consequences for offspring of diabetes during pregnancy. Br Med Bull. 2001;60:173–182

PII: S0146-0005(07)00037-7

doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.03.006

Seminars in Perinatology
Volume 31, Issue 3 , Pages 176-184 , June 2007