Seminars in Perinatology
Volume 31, Issue 2 , Pages 48-55 , April 2007

Early, Aggressive Nutritional Management for Very Low Birth Weight Infants: What Is the Evidence?

Presented in part at the American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference and Exhibition, Section of Perinatal Medicine Educational Program, Atlanta, GA, October 8, 2006.

  • Richard A. Ehrenkranz, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Richard A. Ehrenkranz, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064.

References 

  1. Dancis J, O’Connell JR, Holt LE. A grid for recording the weight of premature infants. J Pediatrics. 1948;33:570–572
  2. Gill A, Yu VYH, Bajuk B, et al. Postnatal growth in infants born before 30 weeks’ gestation. Arch Dis Child. 1986;61:549–553
  3. Berry MA, Conrod H, Usher RH. Growth of very premature infants fed intravenous hyperalimentation and calcium-supplemented formula. Pediatrics. 1997;100:647–653
  4. Shaffer SG, Quimiro CL, Anderson JV, et al. Postnatal weight changes in low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1987;79:702–705
  5. Wright K, Dawson JP, Fallis D, et al. New postnatal growth grids for very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1993;91:922–926
  6. Pauls J, Bauer K, Versmold H. Postnatal body weight curves for infants below 1000 g birth weight receiving early enteral and parenteral nutrition. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:416–421
  7. Ehrenkranz RA, Younes N, Lemons JA, et al. Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999;104:280–289
  8. Embleton NE, Pang N, Cooke RJ. Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?. Pediatrics. 2001;107:270–273
  9. Alexander GR, Himes JH, Kaufman RB, et al. A United States national reference for fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:163–168
  10. Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, et al. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1253–1261
  11. Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics. 2002;109:45–60
  12. Olsen IE, Richardson DK, Schmid CH, et al. Intersite differences in weight growth velocity of extremely premature infants. Pediatrics. 2002;110:1125–1132
  13. Poindexter BB, Langer JC, Dusick AM, et al. Early provision of parenteral amino acids in extremely low birth weight infants: relation to growth and neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr. 2006;148:300–305
  14. Poindexter BB, Ehrenkranz RA, Stoll BJ, et al. Parenteral glutamine supplementation does not reduce the risk of mortality or late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1209–1215
  15. Bloom BT, Mulligan J, Arnold C, et al. Improving growth of very low birth weight infants in the first 29 days. Pediatrics. 2003;112:8–14
  16. Radmacher PG, Rafail ST, Adamkin DH. Nutrition and growth in VVLBW infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neonatal Intensive Care. 2004;16:22–26
  17. Ehrenkranz RA: Early nutritional support for ELBW infants: influence of severity of illness. Pediatric Academic Societies’ and Eastern SPR Annual Meetings E-PAS2007
  18. Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723–1729
  19. Heird WC, Driscoll JM, Schullinger JN, et al. Intravenous alimentation in pediatric patients. J Pediatr. 1972;80:351–372
  20. Thureen PJ. Early aggressive nutrition in the neonate. NeoReviews. 1999;20:e45–e55
  21. Denne SC. Protein and energy requirements in preterm infants. Semin Neonatol. 2001;6:377–382
  22. Thureen PJ, Hay WW. Early aggressive nutrition in preterm infants. Semin Neonatol. 2001;6:403–415
  23. Poindexter BB, Denne SC. Protein needs of the preterm infants. NeoReviews. 2003;4:e52–e59
  24. Adamkin DH. Pragmatic approach to in-hospital nutrition in high-risk neonates. J Perinatol. 2005;25:7–11
  25. Adamkin DH. Nutrition management of the very low-birthweight infant. I. Total parenteral nutrition and minimal enteral nutrition. NeoReviews. 2006;7:e602–e607
  26. Ridout E, Melara D, Rottinghaus S, et al. Blood urea nitrogen concentration as a marker of amino-acid intolerance in neonates with birthweight less than 1250 g. J Perinatol. 2005;25:130–133
  27. Thureen PJ, Melara D, Fennessey PV, et al. Effect of low versus high intravenous amino acid intake on very low birth weight infants in the early neonatal period. Pediatr Res. 2003;53:24–32
  28. Ibrahim HM, Jeroudi MA, Baier RJ, et al. Aggressive early total parental nutrition in low-birth-weight infants. J Perinatol. 2004;24:482–486
  29. te Braake FWJ, Van Den Akker CHP, Wattimena DJL, et al. Amino acid administration to premature infants directly after birth. J Pediatr. 2005;147:457–461
  30. Kotsopoulos K, Benadiba-Torch A, Cuddy A, et al. Safety and efficacy of early amino acids in preterm <28 weeks gestation: prospective observational comparison. J Perinatol. 2006;26:749–754
  31. Wilson DC, Cairns P, Halliday HL, et al. Randomised controlled trial of an aggressive nutritional regimen in sick very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77:4–11
  32. Dinerstein A, Neito RM, Solana CL, et al. Early and aggressive nutritional strategy (parenteral and enteral) decreases postnatal growth failure in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2006;26:436–442
  33. Mihatsch WA, von Schoenaich P, Fahnenstich H, et al. The significance of gastric residuals in the early enteral feeding advancement of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2002;109:457–459
  34. Tyson JE, Kennedy KA. Trophic feedings for parenterally fed infants (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(Issue 3):
  35. Kennedy KA, Tyson JE. Early versus delayed initiation of progressive enteral feedings for parenterally fed low birth weight or preterm infants (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(Issue 4):
  36. Kennedy KA, Tyson JE. Rapid versus slow rate of advancement of feedings for promoting growth and preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in parenterally fed low-birth-weight infants (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(Issue 2):
  37. Marcuse EK, Shiffman RN AAP Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Classifying recommendations for clinical practice guidelines (Policy statement). Pediatrics. 2004;114:874–877
  38. In:  Kleinman RE editors. Nutritional needs of the preterm infant, in Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. (ed 5). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004;p. 23–54
  39. Usher R, McLean F. Intrauterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at sea level: Standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks of gestation. J Pediatr. 1969;74:901–910

PII: S0146-0005(07)00023-7

doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.02.001

Seminars in Perinatology
Volume 31, Issue 2 , Pages 48-55 , April 2007